Breast Cancer Genes Essay - 3402 Words

The Questions Surrounding the Breast Cancer Genes The process of unraveling the mysteries of the human genome creates enormous possibilities in the world of science. Knowing where on our chromosomes a specific gene lies allows scientists to look inside the human body with more intensity than any X-ray could ever achieve. By analyzing the genetic make-up of human beings, scientists can track diseases back to their most fundamental stages. In recent years, scientists have discovered two genes that play a role in the development of various kinds of cancer in both men and women. With the additional ability to test individuals for their possession of deformed copies of these genes, many ethical questions have been raised. Although the†¦show more content†¦This measure is effective in destroying harmful mutations before divisions can cause the mutation to spread and harm vital organs. Furthermore, while normal cells have a finite life span, such that after approximately 50 to 60 divisions they become senescent, cancer cells conti nue growing indefinitely, and are thus called immortal. There are two key ways in which cancerous tumors form. Within the human genome, the two primary gene classes which control cell growth are proto-oncogenes which encourage cell growth, and tumor suppressers which inhibit it. Proto-oncogenes can lead to cancerous growths if mutations in the gene cause it to produce too much growth-stimulatory protein, or a hyper-active form of it. Tumor suppresser genes can also lead to cancerous cell reproduction when mutations make the gene incapable of putting the breaks on reproduction. Normal activity of a proto-oncogene can thus be cancerous if the tumor suppresor genes are rendered incapable of carrying out their function of regulation. With this classification, it is easy to see how one might use gene therapy and recombinant DNA techniques to introduce into the system a fully-functioning tumor suppresser gene. Presumably, if cells are reproducing at a normal rate and are merely incapable of beingShow MoreRelated Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gen es BRCA1 and BRCA2 Essay2987 Words   |  12 PagesBreast cancer is the most common cancer that affects women in the United States. There are at least two majors genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2) that when they mutate can cause breast cancer. These genes can be passed from parent to child, increasing the risk of developing cancer in those child that have parent carrying these genes. BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are located on chromosome 17 and chromosome 13 respectively. There is a 90% chance of developing breast cancer for a woman that has these mutated genes. InRead MoreAllelic Variation in BRCA Genes Could Be the Key to Understanding Familial Breast Cancer798 Words   |  4 PagesVariation in BRCA Genes Could Be the Key to Understanding Familial Breast Cancer Introduction Breast cancer is an uncontrollable division of cells within the breast tissue that affects about 12% of women in their lifetime. Cancer can be caused by sporadic mutations influenced by environment or by genetic disposition. Several genes play a role in cell division: Oncogenes are responsible for directing mitosis, and tumor suppression genes prevent the expression of genes involved in cell divisionRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1758 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among females in the world. It is known for â€Å"have both a genetic and non-genetic etiology† (Milne et al., 2010). 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Knowing this it is very important to try to detect the mutation in the gene as early as possibleRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1760 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Cancer Facts and Figures 2014 by the American Cancer Society, an estimated number of 232,670 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer, and about 2,360 new cases are expected in men. Breast cancer will possibly cause death to more than 40,000 female patients and 400 male patients in 2014. Excluding skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer that American women are diagnosed with. Additionally, breast cancer rank s second in the most deadly cancers among womenRead MoreTwentieth Century is the Cancer Century1801 Words   |  7 Pagestwentieth century has often been called the cancer century. This is because more than a hundred types of cancer have been discovered in this century, and secondly, because enormous medical efforts have been made to fight all kinds of cancer throughout the world. In the early decades of the twentieth century, cancer was considered to be a fatal disease. Although some cancers are still fatal, medical therapy has developed significantly over the years so that most cancers can be treated and cured. After decadesRead MoreIn The 21St Century, The Advancement In Medical Technology1143 Words   |  5 Pagesscreening for breast cancer is one of the most widely tested for the disease in the U.S. (Gail and Mai, 2010:666). Other pop culture factors have increased the awareness of this type of DNA counseling. In 2013 actress Angelina Jolie wrote a piece for the New York Times where she very publicly discussed her experience with BRCA testing and her decision to have a preventative mastectomy and reconstructive breast surgery as a form of prevention. With her mother dying of breast and ovarian cancer, Jolie wasRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Most Common Cancer Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesBreast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the world. Though the unknown nature of breast cancer etiology is still on debate, there are numerous risk factors that influence the development of the disease including genetic, environmental, hormonal, sociobiological and physiological influences. The impact of breast cancer is deep in women diagnosed with the disease and their families with fear and anxiety over the eventual outcome of the disease manifesting itself through behavioral changesRead MoreBrca1 And Brc a2 : Factors That Affect The Risk Of Breast Cancer1589 Words   |  7 Pagesmutation in the AT, or ATM, gene on chromosome 11 also is associated with breast cancer, and it may be much more common in the general population than BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Seven percent of familial breast cancer may be associated with the AT gene mutation (Radford and Zehnbauer, 1996, cited in McCain, 1997). It is not known whether the AT mutation increases the risk of breast cancer for men. Ataxia teleangiectasia is an autosomal recessive neurologic syndrome. The cancer incidence among those peopleRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1372 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer Disease Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when a

Ethics and Values in My Life Free Essays

Ethics and Values in my life There are many values that revolve around my life for a better life, but the 5 important ones are: 1. Integrity  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Do the right thing! This is the most import value and I consider it to be the foundation of achieving a better life. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Values in My Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Courage-  Face your fears accept and take on new challenges. The moral and mental strength that allows for the acceptance of new challenges without regards to the fear that may lie beneath. 3. Contentment  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ The pursuit of contentment is a state of mind established by fulfilling your basic needs. 4. Action- Do not wait until tomorrow when it can be accomplished today. 5. Respect  To treat people as you would like to be treated. I operate on two value systems in my professional life. This is not necessarily a negative approach since they don’t conflict with each other in fact, they go hand in hand. I believe that your personal values drive your professional values. You don’t just develop professional relationships in a work environment but informal relationships too and sometimes they can be more important as it can drive people to take decisions for the benefit of the organization. For example, having good ties with your direct subordinates can help to retain employees. One can’t always put a price on a comfortable business environment and it maybe the reason workers remain loyal to the organization. In another instance, to achieve contentment one works hard to have access to basic needs and that means doing your job well which is in line with professional competence at work. Before I took admission in the MBA program, I worked as a business partner of a small clothing business in my country. My partner was a good friend and my decision to start a business with her was her commitment to providing unique designs of clothes that maximized customer satisfaction. I often thought of expanding the business but she decided to grow slow as fast expansion can often be uncontrolled and it can cause compromise on quality. Although I agreed with her premise, I thought it could be done in a harmless way. I was approached by an acquaintance who offered to supply cloth for our business. I jumped to the idea as one part of expansion was to build a strong supply chain. I discussed the idea with my business partner who was interested but pointed out that we can’t just take this decision because I knew the potential supplier personally. We have to carry out research before we make a decision since we can’t risk our business and the money of our two investors. While we tried to establish an idea of the reputation of the supplier, I was offered generous gifts by her and was tempted to take her offer because I assumed her principles and commitment to perfection on the basis of what I knew of her past. She also offered to invest in our business which was a very attractive offer. A person who had a personal stake in the business would ensure best standards of operation. From what we got to know about her business was that it supplied cloth of not very good quality, which would affect the quality of our product and could bring disrepute to the business. This actually challenged one of my value ‘objectivity’. For the benefit of our business, I was required to be objective and not let her gifts to cloud my judgment. This was in line with maintaining integrity since we had a customer base that trusted us and we were required to deal fairly with them. It required courage on my part to reject her offer but it was what I needed to do for the benefit of the business and its stakeholders. I am actually very content that I was able to stand firm and did not throw away my beliefs just for some material gains. How to cite Ethics and Values in My Life, Essay examples

Business Capstone Project The Australian Stock Exchange

Question: Describe about the Business Capstone Project for The Australian Stock Exchange. Answer: Business Research Topic The topic is the impact of Brexit, the global economy and the impact on the Australian Stock Exchange. The major objective of the final research proposal is to develop an understanding about the impact of Brexit and the global economy. The research will make summarize for future research on this topic. The significance of the topic is that it will help to examine the consequences of Brexit that is especially prudent for the individuals in Australia (MacDonald 2016). A dip in the Australian Stock Exchange is essentially just the commencement of what could be a exhaust of liquidity from Australian markets caused by a British exit from the EU. There are two key methods to look at what a Brexit could denote for the economy of Australia. The first method is concerned with trade while the second method deals with the amount of money that could leave or enter the country after Brexit. The Brexit indeed satisfies all the criteria for a most important economic event (Cumming and Zahra 2016). Background Information As opined by Pisani-Ferry et al. (2016), the vote by the UK to leave the European Union has cast a shadow over the international economy. The depth of the shadow relies critically on how the rest of the world acts in response. The major takeaway of the referendum is that independence as well as nationalism now opponent economics as drivers of voter sentiment. This is likely to slant politics in the direction of less openness as well as less conventional policies. Brexit led to preliminary drops in pound as well as led to severe global stock markets however; it was not disastrous. Due to Brexit, the SP ASX200 has completed 3.3 percent down at the close, smearing off roughly $50 billion in value. On the other hand, the Australian dollar has dropped down to 3.4 percent to 73.4 US cents. The Australian dollar tanked and around $50 billion in shares has been smeared out on the domestic market after results showed Britain decided to leave the European Union. The ASX 200 extended losses to close 3.2 percent lower to around two-and-a half month and the investors escaped in groups after the news. The Australian dollar lost almost 3 percent to 73.8 US cents. The ASX market decided to sell off previously when the Leave campaign overhauled Remain along with high instability as investors faced hesitation. Speculation in the Australian market will progressively focus more on the weakest links in the EU. Due to Brexit, several companies in Australia that derived a proportion of their proceeds from the UK also dropped. This mostly included Amcor that lost approximately 2.7 percent and News Corp that lost almost 1.7 percent (Ramiah, Pham and Moosa 2016). Brexit led to the fall of most of the bluechips by between 2 and 3 percent. On the other hand, the big banks in Australia plunged by between 2.3 and 2.6 percent while on the hand, Wesfarmers and Woolies did a slight better by dropping around 1.8 percent. CSL on the other hand did a little worse as it dropped by 3.3 percent and Telstra lost by 2 percent. Mesoblast was however considered as the biggest loser as it dropped by 42 percent. The financial services sector that comprises of mostly 40 percent of the UK trade in Europe will be hit badly as World Trade Organization treaties do not cover it. As per the reports, it has been stated by HSBC that if the UK votes to leave the EU, they are likely to shift thousands of workers to Paris in order to make them operate in Europe (Dhingra et al. 2016). As opined by (), Brexit led to worries related to financial panic that was quite identical to that of bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. The Bank of England and its overseas counterparts indicated a willingness to provide banks what they need to cover any provisional cash outflow. On the other hand, yields on British government bonds went down. The fall in the price of stocks indicated a new risk that surrounded the global economic viewpoint. The vote to leave the EU conducts in two or more years of vagueness as Britain renegotiates its trade correlation with the rest of the world. The uncertainty due to Brexit had led to depression in the business investment. It has been predicted by some economists that the exit of the British from the EU is likely to knock down 1 percent to 6 percent of the UK GDP (Gross Domestic Product). On the other hand, the International Monetary Fund forecasts a hit to international economic grow outside the E.U. of zero to 0.2 percentage point (Wilcock and Mill er 2016). Brexit is likely to cause a downward effect on the Australian share market that is likely to make an already average year a little worse. As a result, stock sell-offs, are likely to carry a deflationary outcome. In Australia, the rate of interest is already low that in turn had forced the Reserve Bank to lower the rates of interest. The Reserve Bank of Australia is likely to face deflationary pressure from Brexit. As far as mining is concerned, the major reason that will influence the Australian economy is risky investment that includes commodity prices. The rates of interest are heavily relied on variation in goods (Kierzenkowski et al. 2016). According to the studies made by the Global market research of the Commonwealth bank, the British Pound is likely to decline up to 10 percent. The positive part is that the Australian dollar is likely to increase to 8.3 percent against the British Pound however; it is likely to fall to 2.5 percent against the US dollar. The share market of Australia is likely to fall along with other international markets due to uncertainty that is surrounding the collision of the Brexit. It is also likely to trigger economic crisis, as the banks are likely to have increasing difficulty sourcing offshore financial support (Mendez-Parra, Papadavid and te Velde 2016). As opined by Anderson, Juden and Rogerson (2016), with the seizing up of the financial markets, the big banks in Australia is likely to find it difficult to secure the enormous amounts of offshore funding that is required by them. With the fall in the share prices, the government guarantees will be called for again. A decline in the pound will act as a negative result for most of the individuals in Australia who have assets in the UK. The expenditure power of the British tourists will also be lowered. The shaky international economy is likely to have a severe impact on the Australias trade in the long-run. The position of evade funds, banks and other monetary institutions in gambling on currencies in over-the-counter markets (not usual currency markets) in times like this, also adds to the hesitation. Brexit will affect the trade of the Australian companies with the European Union through the UK, in the longer run. Research Question and Hypothesis What will happen to the big banks in Australia, if the financial markets seizes due to Brexit? How will the individuals in Australia be affected with the fall in pound? How will the trade in Australia be affected due to the impact of Brexit? Will money flow out of Australia due to fall in the Australian dollar? Does the impact of Brexit on the global economy depend on leaders? Hypothesis H0: Brexit has negative impact on Australian Stock Exchange as well as on global economy H1: Brexit has positive impact on Australian Stock Exchange as well as on global economy Research Methodology Research Philosophy Research Philosophy is considered as an immense topic that deals with the source, development as well as nature of knowledge. However, the idea related to knowledge might appear to be profound. There are two types of data that can be collected in this case. The researcher can make the use of both primary and secondary data as well as data analysis to answer each research question that helps to create knowledge (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). While addressing the research philosophy, it is imperative for the researcher to be aware and formulate his thoughts as well as beliefs. The viewpoint of a study will imitate the important assumptions of the author and these assumptions provide as base for the research approach. There are four main research philosophies within the scope of business studies in particular. The four main research philosophies includes pragmatism, positivism, realism and interpretive (Baskerville and Wood-Harper 2016). Pragmatism Positivism Realism Interpretive Method related to popular collection of data Quantitative and qualitative as well as mixed method design Quantitative, extremely structured, large samples, however can make the use of qualitative Methods selected must fit the subject matter, quantitative or qualitative Qualitative, small samples. There has always been a key point of debate while the researcher makes the choice between qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative research mostly indicates principally investigative research. It is used to increase an understanding of fundamental causes, views, and incentives. It helps to provide insight into the dilemma or helps to expand thoughts or hypotheses for probable quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to discover trends in consideration and views, and dive deeper into the dilemma. Qualitative data collection methods differs using unstructured or semi-structured methods. Some of the most common methods that are used while conducting qualitative research methods are conducting interviews, group discussion and participation (Smith 2015). Another most imperative method that can be used by the researcher is quantitative research. It is used to measure the problem by way of creating arithmetical data or data that can be converted into useable statistics. This method also helps to quantify behaviors as well as views while conducting research and simplify results from a superior sample population. In order to formulate facts and uncover samples in research, this method makes the use of measurable data. Some of the most common methods that are used while conducting quantitative research methods are online surveys, mobile surveys, face-to-face interviews, online polls, longitudinal studies as well as paper surveys (Goertz and Mahoney 2012). The researcher will mostly make the use of quantitative research to conduct online surveys in order to find out the rate at which the Australian Stock Exchange had been affected due to Brexit. In this case, the researcher also requires making the use of primary data as it is considered as the original research that is accomplished with the help of first-hand investigation. On the other hand, secondary data is widely obtainable from a third party. However, in order to get data related to financial statements, it is important for the researcher to use primary research methodology. With the help of primary research data, the researcher will conduct surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Primary data can be quantitative, focused on statistics and measurements, or qualitative, as when approaches or views are gathered and studied (Bryman and Bell 2015). References Anderson, M., Juden, M. and Rogerson, A., 2016. After Brexit: New Opportunities for Global Good in the National Interest. Policy Paper, 89. Baskerville, R.L. and Wood-Harper, A.T., 2016. A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. In Enacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2 (pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015. Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Cumming, D.J. and Zahra, S.A., 2016. International Business and Entrepreneurship Implications of Brexit. British Journal of Management, 27(4), pp.687-692. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., Sampson, T. and Van Reenen, J., 2016. Brexit: the impact on UK trade and living standards. Centre for Economic Performance, LSE. Goertz, G. and Mahoney, J., 2012. A tale of two cultures: Qualitative and quantitative research in the social sciences. Princeton University Press. Kierzenkowski, R., Pain, N., Rusticelli, E. and Zwart, S., 2016. The Economic Consequences of Brexit. MacDonald, S., 2016. The impact of Brexit on the UKs reputation, influence and soft power. Cultural Trends, pp.1-7. Mendez-Parra, M., Papadavid, P. and te Velde, D.W., 2016. Brexit and development. Pisani-Ferry, J., Rttgen, N., Sapir, A., Tucker, P. and Wolff, G.B., 2016. Europe after Brexit: A proposal for a continental partnership. Bruegel External Publication, Brussels. Ramiah, V., Pham, H.N. and Moosa, I., 2016. The sectoral effects of Brexit on the British economy: early evidence from the reaction of the stock market. Applied Economics, pp.1-7. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Wilcock, J. and Miller, A., 2016. The truth and consequences of Brexit: could a catastrophe for academia be an opportunity for publishers?. Insights, 29(3).